Chii chinoratidzirwa sechiitiko chemagariro evanhu? Vamiririri vesayenzi dzakasiyana-siyana vanodzidza shanduro mumugariro wemabasa avo. Mafirosofi, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu, culturologists, ethnographers vane hanya nemadzinza evanhu vasina chokwadi. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinofunga nezvekukanganiswa kwevanhukadzi. Pfungwa imwechete ye "stereotype" inosanganisira zvikamu zvose zvehupenyu hwehupenyu.
Mutsara - chii ichocho?
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, muparidzi wechiFrench F. Dido akagadzira chigadziro chinoponesa nguva, basa uye mutengo mubhuku rokudhinda. Pamberi pezvakagadzirwa, rugwaro rwebhuku nguva imwe neimwe, rakanyorerwa, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nemari yakawanda yemari. Chisarudzo chitsva chaDao chokusika chakanga chiri mukugadzira kubva pamagwaro akanyorwa, ipapo-zvigadzirwa zvematare zvakagadzirwa, zvichibvumira kushandura mabhuku muzvizhinji. F. Dido akadana chiziviso chake - chirevo: "στερεός" - yakasimba "τύπος" - mufananidzo.
Chii chinonzi "stereotype" chinorevei sechirevo munyika yanhasi? MuWalter Lippmann, mutori wenhau weAmerica muna 1922 akaisa shoko rokuti "shanduro" mumagariro evanhu uye akarondedzera zvarinoreva sekuti: kukundikana kweumwe munhu kuziva chimiro chose chenyika chaiyo pasina kurisvibisa. Munhu anoita basa rake, asingatenderi pane zivo yakananga yakananga, asi pamagadzirirwo akagadzirirwa-mahedheni anobudiswa nevamwe: hama, vanoziva, hurongwa, nyika.
Mhando dzezvinyorwa
Mwana anoberekwa uye nemukaka wamai anogunzva zvinyoronyoro, nhau, nhoroondo uye nheyo dzemhando dzake. Kukura, mwana anodzidza mitemo nemirairo inoenderana nemhuri yake uye mhuri yese. Masangano ekudzidzisa anobatsira. Saka zvishoma nezvishoma kufungidzirwa kufunga kwakaumbwa. Munhu chaizvoizvo "akazara" nemafungiro. Mhando dzakasiyana dzedzimwe nzira, dzinozivikanwa nevanyanzvi vakasiyana-siyana:
- kusagadzikana kwevanhu;
- mafungiro ekufunga
- mafungiro ekuzvibata;
- maitiro emagariro evanhu;
- mhinduro dzisingaiti;
- kunyengera kwekukurukurirana, nezvimwewo.
Mabasa ezvinyengeri anogona kunge akaparadzaniswa se "positive" uye "zvisina kunaka". Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kunaka chemashoko akadaro ndiko kuponesa kwekufunga kwevanhu. Munhu, muhupenyu hwake hutsva haagoni kuziva zvose pamusoro pezvose, asi zvichibva pane zvakaitika kune vamwe vanogona kunge vane pfungwa pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda, kunyange kana zvisingabatanidzi pane zvaanoita. Izvo zvakaipa zvinotyisa kusvika pakuitika kwehupenyu hwako (kunyange nguva imwe chete) ichisimbisa kuvimbika kweizvi kana kuti izvozvi zvinotaridzika zvakagadziriswa uye zvinodzivirira vanhu, zviratidzo kubva pakuona nenzira yakasiyana.
Gender stereotypes
Munhu anoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana evanhu, kusanganisira mabasa evanhukadzi. Basa revakadzi rinotarisa tsika dzehutano hwehutungamiri, huchibva kune huri hwemurume kana mukadzikadzi uye hutsika hwetsika yenyika. Ndechipi chimiro chechikadzi ? Basa remurume kana mukadzi munzanga rakasarudzwa netsika dzakawanda uye nzira dzehupenyu dzakagadziridzwa kwemazana emakore. Kusvikira ikozvino, kunyengedza hakuve kusina kushandiswa, chirevo icho chinogona kuwanikwa mumitsumo nemashoko evanhu vakasiyana:
- mukadzi ndiye muchengeti wehove;
- munhu-the getter;
- Vakadzi mapenzi;
- mukadzi asina vana, somuti usina matavi;
- mukadzi asina kuroora - shiri wingless;
- murume asina mukadzi wake, igomba risina denga;
- murume anovimbisa, murume anozadzisa;
- Mhuka haisi mukomana, asi anoda kuda.
Ethnic stereotypes
Kubudirira kwekutaurirana kweperethnic mazuva ano kunotora basa rinokosha pakuwana rugare nekubatana pakati pevanhu. Maonero evanhu vemunyika mazana emakore emakore mafungiro emagariro evanhu senyika pamusoro pavo (autostereotypes) nevamwe vanhu (heterostereotypes). Kudzidza kwemaitiro evanhu vasingatauri - anobatsira kudzidza zvinhu, tsika, tsika yekutaurirana kunobatsira pakati penyika dzakasiyana.
Maonero evanhu
Chii chinoratidzirwa nevanhu? Madzimai akaoma uye akareruka emifananidzo yemagariro evanhu (murume, boka, basa, gender, ethnos). Mafungiro ekufunga panguva imwechete angave echokwadi uye aine ruzivo rwakashata. Sezvo mutemo, nheyo yemafungiro aya ndeyekucherechedza zvichibva pazvokwadi chaiyo uye ruzivo rwomunhu oga, asi dzimwe nguva kukanganisa kunoita basa rinokuvadza kana rinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu anowedzerwa kubva pane imwe nzira yekutarisa uye kushevedza munhu. Mienzaniso yekusagadzikana kwevanhu:
- kunze kwe "bhata" iwe haugoni kuvaka basa rinobudirira;
- mwana anofanira kunge achiteerera;
- kuti zvibudirire zvakakosha kuti tipedze kubva yunivhesiti yakakurumbira;
- Vanhu vose vanongoda chete kubva kune vakadzi ...;
- vese vanyori vanyori vanovhiringidza, uye magweta ndivo vanokanganisa;
- mari yakaipa;
- Magasi eJapan ndeawo akakwirira zvikuru;
- VaJudha ndivo vakangwara kwazvo;
- murume - womanizer, akadhakwa.
Zvitendero zvisiri izvo
Maitiro emagariro evanhu anokanganisa manzwiro evanhu, ayo anowirirana nemamiriro ehuviri uye anotsigirwa nekugadzirisa. Manzwiro uye zviratidzo ndezvomutauro wepasi rose pakati pemaitiro emitsika yemarudzi, asi mune dzimwe nyika inogona kuwana zvakasiyana zvakanoreva. Usati waenda rwendo kune dzimwe nyika, zvinobatsira kudzidza tsika dzehurumende idzi. Unobatanidza pachedu Muchirwo: maitiro ekugadzirisa-chinangwa, kutaurirana, kunzwisisa, mufananidzo wepasi. Maitiro ehutano ndewe chiitiko chakakosha pakuumbwa kwemitambo (chechitendero) yemitemo yakasiyana.
Dzakakurumbira
Ndeipi mhedziso - mubvunzo uyu unonyanya kupindurwa "nenzira yakarurama", "yakarongedzwa". Sangano rinoshandiswa kufunga nemafungiro akakurumbira, chikonzero cheizvi chiri mukusakosha kana kusakwanisa kweruzivo uye kusakwanisa kusimbisa izvi. Kutaura kwemafungiro (mafungiro emafungiro) - "Ini-sezvose" zvinoreva zvekuve veimba yangu, boka, vanhu, nyika ine rutivi rwakatarisana: inotungamirira mumiganhu yezvikanganiso, inoponesa ruzivo rwomunhu hwezvakaitika. Yakagamuchirwa munzanga yevanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru:
- kusava nehanya - yechipiri mufaro;
- iyo inotaurwa nhamba ndeye 90/60/90;
- Zvakanaka ipapo-apo isu tisiri;
- kurohwa - zvino rudo;
- kudya kwekudya chamangwanani iwe unozvidya iwe, masikati yakabviswa neshamwari, kupa mabiko kune muvengi;
- mukadzi ari mungarava-kuva mumatambudziko;
- iwe unoda kuroora usati wasvika makumi matatu;
- vasikana vanofanira kupfeka piniki, vakomana - bhuruu;
- vakadzi - zvepabonde zvisina simba;
- inodhura - inoreva kushanda;
Maonero evanhu vokuRussia
Maonero pamusoro peRussia anogona kutevedzwa munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana uye anecdotes dzakagadzirwa zvose nevaRussia pachavo uye nevamwe vanhu. Shanduro Rusich inowanikwa mune anecdotes se "shati-vakomana, vakanyanyisa, vanoda kunwa nekukurudzira" Kufarira muRussia kwakanaka. Iri simba rinoramba rakanzwisisika uye rinokudzwa, uye kune vamwe, nyika ine utsinye. Zvakadini nenyika, vakadzi vechiRussia nevarume vanofunga vamiririri vevamwe vanoti:
- Vanhu vokuRussia ndivo vanonwa zvakanyanya;
- mbongoro dziri kufamba mumigwagwa;
- Vasikana vechiRussia ndivo vakanyanya kunaka;
- varume, famba nechiso chechiso, usanyemwerera;
- Russia nyika yebhalalaika, matryoshka uye kosovorotok;
- uyo anogamuchira vaeni;
- vakaipa uye vasina kudzidza;
- vasikana vanorota kuroora vatorwa ;
Anofunga nezveFrance
Nyika yose inotarisa nekutya mapoka eFrench, inotenga zvinonhuhwirira zveFrance, inobata mafirimu anodikanwa zvikuru epasi. "Kuona Paris uye kufa!" - mutsara wakataurwa neSoviet munyori-mufananidzo I.Erenburg - yava nenguva yakareba mapapiro uye zvinonzi nekunaka uye kutarisa. Mhedziso yeFrance, yakanyatsobatana nenyika ino yakanaka:
- Vakadzi vechiFrench ndivo vakanatswa, vakanaka;
- Paris - inotsanangurira fashoni kune umwe neumwe;
- VaFrance ndivo vanonyanya kuda munyika;
- croissants, waini, foie gras, matatya, baguettes uye oyster - zuva rezvokudya zvenyika;
- beret, vest, shawl tsvuku - zvipfeko zvakazara
- iyo yakanyanya kufuta rudzi munyika;
- kurohwa uye kuratidzwa "pamusoro" uye "pasina chikonzero";
- vanonyanya kushaya tariro;
- rusununguko rwemitemo uye unhu hwekunyengera;
- Anotsamwiswa kana vatorwa vasingatauri mashoko echiFrench;
- vatenzi vemunharaunda yavo rudo uye vanodana nyika "la dus France" ("France vadiwa").
Vanotaura nezvemaAmerica
America ndiyo nyika yezvipikano uye mikana isina kukwana, apo kurota kunonyanya kukoshesa kwakazadzikiswa - veAmerica vanofunga saizvozvo zvehurumende yavo. IUnited States nyika inonyanya kusinganzwisisiki nemafungiro eRussia, zvichiita kuti vamwe vasada, uye muchiedza chekukakavadzana kwemazuva ano pakati peRussia neAmerica, kusava nechivimbo munyika inonyemwerera yeAmerica. Nhema uye kusafungidzira pamusoro pevaAmerica:
- rudzi rwekudya nekutsanya nevanhu vane mafuta;
- rudo kuronga zvishamiso;
- vanoda kutora nyika yose;
- kusagadzikana kwemaitiro uye kutora mune zvipfeko;
- rudzi rukuru rwekuda nyika;
- America yose ine zvombo;
- usazeza kuratidza manzwiro.
Inofanirwa pamusoro peChirungu
Shamwari dzipi dzinomuka mune vanhu vasina kumbove vaenda kuEngland, asi vakanzwa nezve nyika ino? Vaya vakadzidzisa Chirungu kuchikoro vanoyeuka boka rekurindira rakakurumbira Big Ben (Big Ben) uye kuti England ndiyo nyika yemvura, mists uye oatmeal kwekudya kwemanheru. Pamusoro pekuoma kwezvinyorwa zveChirungu. Vatambi veChirungu nezve Sherlock Holmes vanoda kuverenga pasi pose. Mafungiro pamusoro peBritish:
- kugara achitaura nezveshuzha;
- pane purogiramu, vanonwa tiyi;
- maChirungu ndiyo yakanyanyisa;
- manyawi anozvikudza;
- conservatives;
- chishamiso chisingaiti English;
- mumwe nomumwe anoenda kunzvimbo;
- ivo vagari vanoteerera mutemo.
Nzira yekubvisa maitiro akadini?
Ndeipi maitiro evanhu vanozvipira mukuzvivandudza uye kuzvidzora? Vanhu vakadaro vanova nekuwedzera. Mafungiro uye kusarura kunoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuona kumashure kwe "zvakasakara" mahedheni uye mahedheni evanhu chaivo vekrete, uye kunzwisisa izvi kana zvimwe zviito zvevanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu echokwadi. Zvakaitika kare hazviwanzoshanda mumamiriro matsva. Kurambwa kwemafungiro asina kukodzera kunoratidzira basa pane iwe pachako:
- shandura inowanzoona nyika;
- kuramba kwekutonga kwakakurumidza;
- kuzarura kwekuona kwechiitiko chose;
- kuburitswa kwema template kutsoropodza: "izvi ndizvo chaizvoizvo?";
- kuumbwa kwemaonero matsva, pachedu.