Kuzvidzivirira kunoreva nhema kana kuti chokwadi chaicho chinotarisirwa kuwedzera kukudzwa kwehumwe munhu mumaziso evamwe vanhu kana sangano rose. Mazuva ano munguva yeInternet uye kuwanda kwezvinobudisa nhau, munhu anogona kutarisa zvinokonzera kupomerwa nguva dzose.
Kudzingiswa - chii ichocho?
Zvinosvibisa chii? Iri shoko rinouya kubva muchiLatini fama - mukurumbira, uye izwi rokuti diffamatio - kuzivisa. Munyika yanhasi, kupomerwa ndiko kuparadzirwa kwemashoko, chokwadi chinogona kukuvadza munhu uye chinonyadzisa mukurumbira wake , kukudzwa nekuremekedzwa. Kuzvidzivirira kunowanzoitwa mukuratidzira kwebhizimisi uye zvematongerwe enyika. Iko kukanganisa.
Kududzira uye kuchera - kusiyana
Kudzvinyirirwa uye kuchera vamwe mazano akafanana, muEurope ivo vakangofanana, asi ivo vakasiyana mazwi, kune kusiyana pakati pavo:
- Kududzirwa kunogona kutaura chokwadi, pasina mashoko okuchera, muhupenyu hwemunhu chero upi zvake, munhu anogona kuwana "zviito zvisingaiti" munhu uye zviito.
- Kuchera chinhu chinonyengera chinonyengera chechokwadi uye kugoverwa kwavo kwete chete kuburikidza nehurukuro, asiwo nemashoko kana kunyorwa.
Zvinyorwa zve defamation
Kududzirwa ndechimwe chinhu chinowanzoitika. Mutsamba kana kusawirirana kwemashoko akaparidzirwa echokwadi uye, zvichienderana nekuti muparidzi anotaura sei pane zvaanoita, anosiyanisa maitiro anotevera ekutsamwisa:
- Kutadza kusatendeseka kusingatauriki - ruzivo rwakabudiswa mumutsara nemaune nhema, runogona kunziwo makuhwa.
- Kutadza kusatendeseka kusingagoneki - ruzivo rwenhema ruzhinji haruna kusimbiswa uye runowedzera mberi.
- Dhiyabhorosi yakavimbika ndeyechokwadi chechokwadi, asi inogona kukanganisa mukurumbira, kukanganisa munhu mumaziso evanhu.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kududzira kunogona kureva zvose makuhwa uye chokwadi chechokwadi, chakadanwa, somuenzaniso, kuratidza munhu mumabasa akaipa. Kana kupomerwa kunowanikwa pane kupomerwa, muparidzi wacho anopomerwa mhosva, asi kune matambudziko nekuratidza kuti kuparadzanisa chikamu chemhosva kune munhu.
Mhirizhonga inoparadzirwa
Kudzingiswa muzvinyorwa uye zvikamu zvayo zvinhu zvemazuva ano. Rusununguko rwokutaura uye kusavapo kwekutsinhanisa kunotibvumira kutaura maonero edu, "chokwadi chedu" uye kuchitaura kuburikidza neTV, TV, uye mhizha. Mumatare edzimhosva, kupomerwa mhosva kupesana nekusvibiswa hakuwanzofungi, asi kune zviitiko zvakadai uye kana mashoko acho aine nhema dzenhema, mari huru yemari inogona kuiswa, uye kana munhu asingagoni kubhadhara mukana uyu, anogona kukamanikidzwa kushanda.
Manzwiro okusununguka anokonzera kuti vanhu vari panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, maforamu anogona kutsoropodzana, kurukura hupenyu hwemagetsi, kufuta mashoko asina kuvimbika pamusoro pevamwe uye "kuvaka" makuhwa sechando. Kazhinji kupomerwa kunogona kusingazivikanwi. Muenzaniso wekuzvidzivirira kusina kuvimbika nemaune kunogona kushanda semhosva inotevera apo mapurisa akatumira mufananidzo wemunhu akabatwa paIndaneti ane ruzivo kuti iye ari zvepabonde uye ari kutsvaga vashandi pamwe chete naye. Nhau yacho yakaguma nekudzingwa kwemupurisa kubva kumagetsi ekudzivirira mitemo.
Chimwe chiitiko chekufukidzira kupfekedzwa. Mumwe mutori wenhau anozivikanwa anozvinyora munyori akaenzana anozivikanwa, achikumbira kuti iye mubhuku rake anopa ruzivo rwenhema. Munyori akaratidzwa mubasa rake ari vezvematongerwo enyika nenzira isina kuonekwa, kusvibisa. Asi vanyori vanobatsirwa pane zviri kutanga kwebhuku rimwe nerimwe, mashoko acho: "Vose vanyori uye zviitiko, mazita ndeechokwadi, uye zvinowanzoitika ndezvenguva pfupi."
Kudzingiswa muhurumende yehurumende
Kudzvinyirirwa mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda kunoonekwa sechikanganiso. Dare-defamation yehurumende - kune kupesana kwehupombwe, kunyadziswa kwekuremekedzwa nekuremekedzwa kwemumwe munhu, kunofungidzirwa nyaya mbiri dze Civil Code yeRF - 150, 152. Dzosera "zita rako" nekupa mhosva yekudzorera kubhadharwa kwekunamata kukuvadza uye kubhadhara kwezvinhu zvinobatsira, kana chaiva uye chakanga chisisipo.
Kushandurwa kwehurumende kunobatana zvikuru nehurukuro yekutaura, uye kudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvisiri izvo zvinhu sekukudzwa, mukurumbira uye chiremera zvinowanikwa paChitsauko 29 cheRF Constitution pamusoro pekusununguka kwefungiro uye kutaura, saka kushorwa kunogona kuonekwa senzvimbo yepamutemo inoshandiswa mutemo wehurumende panguva imwechete inoshandisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo uye kuchengetedza rukudzo uye rusununguko rwekutaura uye yehukuru ruzivo.
Professional defamation
Zvinoreva kupomerwa kunotarisirwa se "kusvibiswa", uye mune ruzivo rwehupi ruzivo nemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka akapararira, zvinokwanisika kubvisa rudzi rwakasiyana rwezvokurambidza - unyanzvi, kana mune imwe nzira mabhizimisi ekurambidza, paanenge achiparadzira ruzivo ruregerero bhizimisi rebhizimisi romunhu kana sangano rose. Kuparadzana kwekwenyanzvi kuparadzanisa ibhizimusi kana kupomerwa mubhizimusi sphere ("intrigues yemakwikwi").
Kushorwa kwechitendero
Kududzirwa muchitendero ndiko kusarurwa kweimwe rudzi rwechitendero uye kunyomba kumanzwiro evatendi, kumhura uye kusekwa kwezvikwangwani nemitambo inoshandiswa muchitendero ichi. Kuburitswa kukuru munharaunda yenyika dzakasiyana kwakakonzerwa nekugadziriswa kwakasimbiswa muna 2005 neUnited General Assembly "Kurwisana nekusvibiswa kwezvitendero", kudana kubvumidzwa kwekutsoropodzwa nekuparadzirwa kwemashoko anonyomba pamusoro pechitendero.
Sarudzo yacho inotaura kuti kusvibiswa kwechitendero chinhu chakakomba uye chinonyadzisa kumanzwiro evanhu echitendero anotungamirira kuhutera uye kukurudzira hondo pane zvechitendero. Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose zvakajeka, vanopikisana neshoko rekugadzirisa kuti pfungwa yacho inogona kushandiswa pakuziva kwayo uye kusarura kwevanhu vatove vechitendero kune vashomanana vasingabvumi. Uye zvinotarisa kuti kune kukanganisa kwekusununguka kwekutaura uye kuratidza kwemaonero avo, kunyange kana zvisina kunyomba, dzidziso yeChechi inogona kushandiswa pakusarudza kwayo
Kudzingiswa - nzira
Mafungiro ekutukurwa uye kupomerwa uye kodzero dzemhinduro dzinofanira kuzivikanwa kumunhu wese kuitira kuti ave nekugona kudzivirira pachake apo chiitiko chake chenhema chinoratidzirwa kune nhema dzisingatauri ruzivo. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekutuka, pane nzira dzainozviratidza nadzo:
- Zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki - kupomerwa kwemashoko kunopararira kusina kufanirwa, mumutauro wemuromo, munzvimbo dzekubatana kwevanhu vakawanda: pamusangano, mvumo yepamutemo, mubasa pamwe chete, kana pamberi pezvapupu zvakawanda.
- Kudzvidziridzwa kuburikidza nemitambo-kushandiswa muma periodicals, paterevhizheni, paredhiyo uye neIndaneti.
- Kududzirwa mumagwaro matsvene - mumabhuku akabuda anobva kusangano, somuenzaniso, mumamiriro ekushanda omunhu.