Kusiyana kwehutano hwevanhu - hunoratidzika sechinhu chakadai chekare uye chinofanira kupinda mukunonoka, asi chokwadi chemazuva ano ndechokuti mune imwe nzira kana chimwe chimiro mumasangano chiripo nhasi uye izvi zvinokonzera pfungwa yekusaruramisira kune avo vanhu vanobatwa nekusawirirana kwevanhu.
Kusagadzikana kwehutano - chii?
Kusiyana kwehutano hwemagariro kwaivapo kubva pamazuva ekare ekushanduka kwevanhu. Nhoroondo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana inoshanda sechiratidzo chakajeka chezvinotungamirira kudzvinyiriri nekuitwa varanda kwevanhu - izvi ndezvekutambudzwa, nzara mhirizhonga, hondo uye kurwisana. Asi chiitiko ichi, chakataurwa neropa hachidzidzisi chinhu. Hungu, ikozvino yakatora fomu, yakafukidzirwa. Chii chisina kufanana pakati pezvemagariro evanhu chinoratidzwa mukati uye chinomirirei nhasi?
Kusiyana kwevanhu mune zvekugarisana ndiko kupatsanurwa kana kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu muchikoro, mumapoka kana mapoka, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavo munharaunda, iyo inoreva kushandiswa kwakasiyana kwemaikana, zvikomborero uye kodzero. Kana kusagadzikana kwemagariro evanhu kunomiririrwa sarudzo muchimiro chemazera, ipapo pamatunhu ayo akaderera pane iyo ichadzvinyirirwa, varombo, uye pamusoro pevamanikidzi uye vapfumi , avo vane simba uye mari mumaoko avo. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chikuru chekusimudzirwa kwevanhu kune varombo uye vapfumi. Pane zvimwe zviratidzo zvekusagadzikana kwevanhu.
Zvinokonzerwa nekusawirirana kwevanhu
Ndezvipi zvinokonzera kusawirirana kwevanhu? Economists vanoona mhaka inokonzera ukama husina kufanira kune zvivako uye kugoverwa kwepfuma yepanyika zvachose. R. Michels (German sociologist) akaona chikonzero chekupa ropafadzo huru uye masimba kuhurumende yehurumende, yakasarudzwa nevanhu vakafanana. Zvinokonzerwa nekusawirirana kwevanhu mune maonero eFrance nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika E. Durkheim:
- Kukurudzira vanhu vanounza rubatsiro rwakakura kune zvese, zvakanakisisa mubhizinesi ravo.
- Unhu hunhu hweunhu pachako nemararamiro omunhu wacho, achigovera kubva kuvanhu vose.
Mhando dzekusawirirana kwevanhu
Maitiro ekusagadzikana kwevanhu munharaunda yakasiyana, saka kune zviverengero zvakasiyana-siyana. Mhando dzekusagadzikana kwevanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu:
- nguva - inoshandiswa kune vanhu vose pane dzimwe nguva dzenguva, izvi zvinogona kuteverwa pakubhadhara, vechidiki havasi kutorwa nekuda kwekushaiwa ruzivo, vanhu vakwegura, nehukuru hwavo, vanotsiviwa nevechidiki, vachivimbisa kubva pakuonekwa kwevakuru vavo;
- kusagadzikana kwepabonde hwepabonde - pano zvinogona kutarisa chiitiko chakadai sokusarurwa kwevakadzi , kuratidzirwa kuti vashomanana vakadzi vari kutarisira nzvimbo dzinotora matambudziko vari muhupenyu hwehupfumi hwenyika, mukadzi anopiwa basa re "kumurume wake";
- rusununguko rwemadzinza rusina kufanana - madzinza maduku, avo vasiri chikamu che "rudzi rutsvuku" vanonyanya kudzvinyirirwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvakadai sehuenophobia uye zvechisarura.
Kusiyana kwehutano mune zvehukama maererano nehutano munzanga:
- kushaya / kuwanika kwepfuma;
- kuswedera pedyo nesimba.
Kuratidzwa kwekusagadzikana kwevanhu
Zviratidzo zvikuru zvekusagadzikana kwevanhu munzanga zvinowanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro sekuparadzana kwebasa. Mabasa evanhu akasiyana uye munhu mumwe nomumwe anopiwa mamwe matarenda uye unyanzvi, kukwanisa kukura. Kusagadzikana kwehutano kunoratidzwa sekudzoka kwemafadzo kuna avo vane matarenda akawanda uye vanovimbisa vanhu. Kugadziriswa kwechikwata kana kuti stratification (kubva pashoko rokuti "strata" - geological stratum) ndiko kuenzaniswa kwemashure ekudzoka, kupatsanurana kusvika muchikoro, uye kana vasati vava varanda nevaranda, vatongi vemapurisa nevashumiri, uye panguva ino iri kupatsanurwa ku:
- boka guru kupfuura vose;
- middle class;
- varombo (mune zvekunetseka);
- kunze kwehurombo.
Migumisiro yekusagadzikana kwemagariro evanhu
Kusiyana kwehutano uye urombo, zvichikonzerwa nekuti zvinhu zvikuru zvepasi zvinogona kushandiswa chete nevasanangurwa zvinokonzera kukakavadzana uye hondo pakati pevanhu. Migumisiro inokura zvishoma nezvishoma uye inoratidzwa mukufambira mberi kwekufamba kwenguva kwema nyika mazhinji, izvi zvinotungamirira kukuti kufambira mberi mune zvehupfumi kunopedzisira kunonoka, demokarasi sehurongwa hunorasikirwa nenzvimbo dzayo, kusagadzikana, kusagutsikana, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, hukama hwevanhu huri kuwedzera munzanga. Maererano neUnited States, hafu yezvisikwa zvenyika ndeye 1% yeainzi anoremekedzwa hukuru (hutongi hwepasi).
Nzira dzekusawirirana kwevanhu
Kusiyana kwehutano mune zvemagariro sevanhu sechiitiko hachirevi zvinhu zvisiri izvo chete, kana tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana kwehutano kubva kune rumwe rutivi, zvinokwanisika kucherechedza zvinhu zvakakosha, kana uchitarisa kwavari pfungwa inotanga kuti zvinhu zvose "zvine nzvimbo yekuve pasi peSuva". Nzira dzekusawirirana kwevanhu munzanga:
- chinokurudzira kuti uve wakanakisisa mubhizinesi rako, kuwedzera matarenda ako uye mano;
- chikonzero kune avo vanoda kubuda paurombo ;
- kurayira munharaunda yezvehupfumi, avo vane mari yakawanda inogadzira zvigadzirwa, kusiyana nevaya vasina mari uye vanogona chete kuzvidya ivo nemhuri dzavo.
Mienzaniso yekusagadzikana kwevanhu munzanga
Mienzaniso yekusagadzikana kwemagariro evanhu kana maitiro ekudzivirira:
- Uranda ihwo huwandu hwakawanda hweuranda, chimiro chepakutanga chekusagadzikana kwevanhu kusati kwambozivikanwa kubvira kare.
- Caste . Iro rudzi rwekusimudzira kwakagadzirisa vanhu kubvira kare, apo kusagadzikana kwehutano kwakagadzirirwa nechisimba, mwana akaberekwa kubva pakuberekwa kwaainge ari kune imwe caste. MuIndia, vaitenda kuti kuberekwa kwomunhu mumusana kunobva pane zvaanoita muupenyu hwekare. Izvo chete 4 castes: yepamusoro-brahmanas, kshatriyas - varwi, vaisyas - vatengesi, vatengesi, sudras - varimi (pasi pasi).
- Estates . Nzvimbo dzakakwirira - hukama uye vafundisi vaiva nekodzero yepamutemo yekuendesa pfuma nenhaka. Girasi risina urombo - vashandi, varimi.
Mazuva ano maitiro okusagadzikana kwevanhu
Kusiyana kwehutano mune zvevanhu munharaunda yemazuva ano inzvimbo yakasikwa, naizvozvo ruzivo rwemagariro ehutano hunoona kuratidzika nenzira yakanaka. Nyanzvi yezvematongerwe enyika yeAmerica B. Barber akagovera mazuva ano maitiro ekugadzirisa hutano, zvichienderana nematanho matanhatu:
- Prestige profession.
- Kuvapo kwesimba.
- Pfuma uye mari.
- Kushamwaridzana kwechitendero.
- Kuvapo kwedzidzo, ruzivo.
- Ari mune izvi kana kuti rudzi rwemarudzi, rudzi.
Kusagadzikana kwevanhu mune zvenyika munyika
Dambudziko rekusagadzikana kwehutano nderokuti rusarura, utsinye, nekusarura zvinoenderana nehutano zvakagadzirwa. Chirevo chinonyanya kuratidza kusagadzikana kwehutano munyika yose ndechekusiyana kwemari yevanhu. Zvinhu zvinokonzera kukanganisa munharaunda yose pasi pose zvinoramba zvakafanana nemakore mazhinji apfuura:
- Nzira yehupenyu - mutaundi kana kumaruwa, chokwadi chinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mumisha iyo kubhadhara kwebasa iri pasi peguta, uye mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzoipisisa, uye basa riri kupfuura;
- mabasa ehupenyu (amai, baba, mudzidzisi, mukuru) - kutsvaga chinzvimbo, mukurumbira, kuvapo kwesimba, pfuma;
- kupesana kwebasa - basa remuviri uye rekubhadhara rinobhadharwa nenzira dzakasiyana.
Kusagadzikana kwemagariro evanhu kunobviswa here?
Nhoroondo yakanyorwa mumapepa aya haazivi nguva apo paisazove nekusawirirana kwevanhu uye kupatsanurana kwevanhu kuti vave mudimbu. Asi pane dzimwe nguva pane kukanganisa kwakakosha zvikuru, semugumisiro wevanhu vanotambura, saka zvakakosha kuchengetedza kuenzanisa uye basa revanhu vane simba rekushingaira kwekusimudzirwa kwevanhu, uye kwete kuwedzera purogiramu yemari uye kuwedzera urombo pakati pevanhu. Nzira dzekukunda kusagadzikana kwevanhu:
- kukurudzirwa kwemasangano evanhu ;
- kushandiswa kwemishonga yakasununguka yepamusoro uye dzidzo;
- rubatsiro kune varombo nevakwegura;
- kukurudzirwa kwemaitiro anoronga, mitemo, mari yekubhadhara mari, kuchengetedza dombo risina kudzivirirwa revanhu (veterans, handicapped, mothers single);
- urongwa hwekushanda kwevanhu vane hurema;
- kupa mikana yakaenzana yevarume nevakadzi mukukandira.