Ndiani achapikisana nechokwadi chokuti hazvibviri kunyatsotarisa simba ra Freud pakukudziridza kwepfungwa seasayenzi? Murume uyu akaongorora zvinhu zvose zvinoita, asi Freud akaita rupo rwechokwadi rwehuzivi hwehupenyu hwepfungwa psychoanalysis, chaizvoizvo, iyi dzidziso yakagadzirwa naye. Pakupedzisira, nzira iyi yakawedzerwa mberi na A. Adler, K. Young, uyewo neNeo-Freudians E. Kubva, G. Sullivan, K. Horney naJan Lacan. Kusvika iye zvino, nzira dzepfungwa dzakagadziriswa dzinowanzoshandiswa mune zvepfungwa kuti dzigadzirise zvinetso zvekuzvimirira uye kururamiswa kweunhu.
Iko pfungwa ye psychoanalysis
Kwemakore zana ekuvapo kwe psychoanalysis, pane zvakapfuura chikoro chimwe nechikoro. Zvikoro zvikuru zvinowanzo:
- the classical theory of Freud;
- ego-psychology;
- septic psychology yaLacan;
- chirongwa chepfungwa dzepfungwa dzeKohut;
- intersubjective approach;
- intersubjective psychoanalysis;
Mukuwedzera, psychoanalysis iyo pachayo inogoverwa kuva nhatu nharaunda huru:
- Dzidziso yehupfungwa yehupfungwa yehupenyu ndiyo yekutanga uye imwe yezvinonyanya kukosha zvekukura kwevanhu mune zvepfungwa. Inowanzotaridzirwa mukati mehutano hwechikoro chepachikapathy maererano neFranud, asi inogona kushandiswa kune chero ipi zvayo yakagadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, mukuongorora kwepfungwa neJung kana nezvepfungwa dzevanhu neAdler.
- Psychoanalysis inoonekwawo senzira yekutsvaga zvinangwa zvakavanzika zvemabasa evanhu, izvo zvinoratidzwa kuburikidza neshamwari dzehurukuro dzinoratidzwa nemurwere. Ndicho chikonzero icho chikonzero chehuzivi hweFeud's psychoanalysis.
- Uye zvechokwadi, mazuva ano psychoanalysis inoonekwa senzira yekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa zvinomuka nekuda kwekupesana pakati pezvido nechokwadi.
Mafungiro ezvidziviriro zvekuzvidzivirira (kushandiswa, sublimation, kukanganisa, zvimwewo), nhare (Oedipus, Electra, inferiority, castration), zvikamu zvekugadzirwa kwepfungwa dzepabonde (muromo, anal, phallic, latent, genital) yakaiswa kune zvinangwa zvepfungwa. Freud yakagadzirawo marongerwo emasikirwo emapfungwa echirwere. Nzira yekufananidzira inofananidzira kuvepo kwekuziva uye kusaziva, uye chimiro chemuumbi chinoratidza kuvapo kwezvikamu zvitatu-id (kusaziva), ego (pfungwa), uye superego (sangano mukati memunhu).
Izvo zvisingazivi mu psychoanalysis
Freud muzvinhu zvose zvakarongwa zvemapfungwa anopa basa guru kune izvo zvisinganzwisisi (Id), iyo ndiyo simba remunhu. Ichi chikamu chine zvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki zvinokurudzira munhu kuedza kugutsikana nezvinhu zvekunyama nekuwana mufaro. Freud aidavira kuti chinhu chisinganzwisisi ndicho chikamu chinonyanya kufarira chepfungwa dzevanhu. Ndiye iye anokwidza vanhu kuti vawane zvavanoda chero zvakakosha, vachivamanikidza kuti vaite zvakaipa uye vanoita zvisiri pamutemo. Kudai pakanga pasina humwe hurumende dzepfungwa, saka hapange pasina mitemo nemitemo munzanga, ivo vaisagona kuita.
Nenzira yakanaka, chinhu chisinganzwisisiki chakakanganiswa nemafungiro anozivikanwa eEgo uye Superego, izvo zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa kuchitambo chakakodzera (Ego) kana kutoisa basa racho pasi pekurambidzwa, sezvo risingawirirani nemitemo kana zvinangwa (Superego). Freud aidavira kuti chizivo (Id) uye chikwata chepamusoro chekuziva (Superego) chakasiyana, saka
Pasinei nekushandiswa kwakawanda kwepfungwa inokonzera kushandiswa kwezvinangwa, iye anewo vatsoropodzi vakawanda. Vanhu vazhinji vanotsamwiswa neshoko raFrud pamusoro pemishonga yakawanda, vamwe havabvumi pfungwa yekusatadza, kudzora unhu, nepo vamwe vanotora maonero ane utsinye hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzehupfungwa dzekusimudzirwa kwevanhu. Nenguva pfupi, zvose zvinoreva Freud's psychoanalysis zvinogona kutaurwa nenzira inotevera: anoruramisa chero chiito chevanhu, achitaura nezvemashiripiti, kubvisa kune mumwe munhu chido chokushanda paari pachake kuitira kuti arege kushuva zvakaipa.