Zvirwere zvinotapukira ndizvo zvinowanzosiyana zvirwere. Maererano nehuwandu, munhu wese ane chirwere chinotapukira kamwe chete pagore. Chikonzero chekupararira kwezvirwere izvi chiri muhutano hwavo, hutachiona hwakanyanya uye kurwisana kune zvinhu zvekunze.
Urongwa hwezvirwere zvinotapukira
Kurongwa kwezvirwere zvinopararira maererano nemutambo wekutapurirwa kwehutachiona hwakapararira: mhepo yakasununguka, yakanyanyisa-muromo, inowanikwa mumusha, inotenderera, inosangana, inopinda. Zvimwe zvehutachiona zvinogona kuwirirana namapoka akasiyana panguva imwe chete, nokuti inogona kuparadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Munzvimbo yekuwana nzvimbo, zvirwere zvinopararira zvinokamukana mumapoka mana:
- Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinokonzerwa nekuputika, iyo iyo pathogen inorarama uye inowanda mumatumbo. Zvirwere zveboka iri zvinosanganisira: salmonellosis, fivhaidhivha, dysentery, kolera, botulism.
- Utachiona hwemapfupa ekufema, umo mucous membrane ye nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi nemapapu inobatwa. Iri ndiro boka rinowanzoburwa nezvirwere zvinotapukira, izvo zvinokonzera dambudziko mamiriro ese gore rimwe nerimwe. Iri boka rinosanganisira: ARVI, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehofu, diphtheria, chicken pox, angina.
- Zvirwere zvirwere zvinotapurirwa kuburikidza nekubata. Izvi zvinosanganisira: rabies, tetanus, anthrax, erysipelas.
- Zvirwere zveropa, zvinoparadzirwa nezvipembenene uye kuburikidza nokunyengedzwa kwechiremba. Mukana we causative anogara muine lymph uye ropa. Kumatachiona eropa anosanganisira: typhus, denda, hepatitis B, encephalitis.
Zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvinopararira
Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinowanzoitika. Mune zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotapukira, izvozvi zvinoratidzwa pachavo muzvidimbu zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, kuchinja kwekudya kwekuku kunogona kusvika 90%, uye kudzivirirwa kunogadzirirwa hupenyu, nepo kupararira kweAARVI kunenge 20% uye kunogadzirisa nguva shomanana. Kazhinji kune zvirwere zvinotapukira ndizvo zvakadai:
- Kutapukira, izvo zvinogona kukonzera denda uye dambudziko mamiriro ezvinhu.
- Iko kunofanirwa kwechikwata chechirwere ichi: nguva yekudzivirira, kuonekwa kwechirwere chechirwere, nguva yakaoma, kuderera kwechirwere, kupora.
- Zviratidzo zvinowanzobatanidza kusanganisira fever, general malaise, chills, headache.
- Kuitwa kwekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira mumuviri maererano nehosha.
Zvinokonzera zvirwere zvinotapukira
Chinonyanya kukonzera zvirwere zvinopararira ndezvirwere: mavairasi, mabhakitiriya, prions uye fungi, zvisinei, muzviitiko zvose, kupinda kwejandi rinokuvadza kunotungamirira kukurudzirwa kwechirwere. Munyaya iyi, zvinhu zvakadaro zvichave zvakakosha:
- zvipi zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinotapukira;
- kuti vangani vamiririri vakapinda mumuviri;
- chii chinonyangadza che microbe;
- chii chinowanzoitika mumuviri uye mamiriro ehutachiona hwemunhu.
Nguva dzezvirwere zvinopararira
Kubva panguva iyo pathogen inopinda mumuviri uye kusvikira kupera kwakakwana kunotora nguva. Munguva iyi munhu anosvika munguva dzakadaro dzehosha inotapukira:
- Nguva yekudzivirira ndiyo nguva pakati pekupinda kwemugadziri anokuvadza mumuviri uye kutanga kwekuita kwayo. Iyi nguva inosvika maawa akawanda kusvika kune mamwe makore, asi kazhinji mazuva 2-3.
- Iyo nguva inotaridzika inoratidzika nechitarisiko chezviratidzo uye chisingaoneki chirwere chemakiriniki.
- Nguva yekukura kwechirwere , umo zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinowedzera.
- Nguva yekupisa , umo zviratidzo zvinoratidzirwa sechiedza sezvinobvira.
- Nguva yekuparara - zviratidzo zvinoderera, mamiriro acho anovandudza.
- Ekisodho. Kakawanda kunorapwa - kukanganisa kwakakwana kwezviratidzo zvechirwere. Mhedzisiro inogonawo kuve yakasiyana-siyana: kuchinja kune chimiro chisingaperi, rufu, kudzokera zvakare.
Kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira
Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinoparidzirwa nenzira dzakadaro:
- Kudonha kwemhepo -kana kuchenesa, kukwezva, kana mapapiro ematapu ane microbe ari kunyunyiswa nomunhu ane utano. Nenzira iyi, pane kupararira kukuru kwezvirwere zvinotapukira pakati pevanhu.
- Fecal-oral - microbe inoparadzirwa kuburikidza nekudya kusvibiswa, maoko asina tsvina.
- Nyaya - kutapurirwa kwehutachiona kunoitika kuburikidza nezvinhu zvekumba, ndiro, tirasi, nguo, mabheji emabhedha.
- Mhuka inotapurika inokonzerwa nehutachiona inyuchi.
- Kutaurirana - kutapurirwa kwehutachiona hunoitika kuburikidza nepabonde uye ropa reropa.
- Transplacental - amai vane utachiona vanotapurira utachiona kumwana muUtero.
Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvinotapukira
Sezvo marudzi ezvirwere zvinotapukira ari mazhinji uye mazhinji, vanachiremba vanofanira kushandisa dambudziko remakiriniki uye laboratory-instrumental nzira dzekutsvakurudza kuti dzigadzire kuongororwa kwakarurama. Pachikamu chekutanga chekuongororwa, basa rinokosha rinowanikwa nekuunganidza kweamnesis: nhoroondo yezvirwere zvekare uye izvi, mamiriro ehupenyu nebasa. Mushure mekuongorora, kugadzira anamnesis uye kugadzirisa kutanga kuongororwa, chiremba anonyora chidzidzo che laboratori. Zvichienderana nezvinotarisirwa kuongororwa, zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana-siyana kuongororwa ropa, kushandiswa kwemasero uye kuongororwa kweganda.
Zvirwere Zvinotapukira - Rongedzo
Zvirwere zvinotapukira ndizvo vatungamiri pakati pezvirwere zvose. Izvozvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa kweboka iri rezvirwere zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, mabhakitiriya, fungus, prions uye marasita. Zvirwere zvipembenene zvinotapukira zvirwere zvine utachiona hwepamusoro. Zvinowanzoitika zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakadai:
- zvipembenene zvemuzasi pfupa remapfupa;
- matumbo emukumbo;
- ARVI;
- HIV;
- tuberculosis;
- hepatitis B;
- dysentery ;
- Candidiasis;
- toxoplasmosis;
- salmonellosis.
Zvirwere zvebhakitiriya zvevanhu - nhamba
Zvirwere zvebhakitiriya zvinoparadzirwa nemhuka dzinotapukirwa, munhu anorwara, zvokudya zvakasvibiswa, zvinhu uye mvura. Izvo zvakakamurwa kuva zvitatu:
- Intestinal infections. Kunyanya kufanana muzhizha. Inokonzerwa nemaabhakitiriya ejeri Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli. Zvirwere zvepamuviri zvinosanganisira: typhoid fever, paratyphoid, zvokudya toxicoinfection, maronda, escherichiosis, campylobacteriosis.
- Kufuridzira marapirwo zvirwere. Izvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzemuviri uye zvinogona kuva zvinetso zvezvirwere zvehutachiona: FLU neAARVI. Mabhakitiriya zvirwere zvepfupa rinoputika: angina, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia.
- Zvirwere zvekunze kwekutengesa kunze kunokonzerwa ne streptococci uye staphylococci. Chirwere chacho chinogona kuitika nekuda kwe ingress yebhakitiriya inokuvadza kune ganda kubva kunze kana nekuda kwekuputsa kweyero yebhakitiriya reganda. Kuzvipembenene zveboka iri ndezvi: impetigo, carbuncles, furuncles, erysipelas.
Zvirwere zvepachirwere - ronga
Zvirwere zvehutachiona hwevanhu zvinotapukira uye zvakapararira. Mhedziso yechirwere chirwere chinoparadzirwa kubva kune munhu anorwara kana mhuka. Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinopararira nokukurumidza uye zvinogona kusvika kuvanhu munharaunda yakawanda, zvichiita kuti kuve nedenda uye kupararira mamiriro ezvinhu. Vanozviratidza zvizere munguva yekuvhuvhura-nguva, iyo inobatanidza nemamiriro ekunze uye zvisikwa zvevanhu. Zvirwere gumi zvakajairika zvinosanganisira:
- ARVI;
- furuwenza ;
- rabies;
- chickenpox;
- viral hepatitis;
- cytomegalovirus infection ;
- herpes simplex;
- infectious mononucleosis;
- rubella;
- viral pneumonia .
Fungal zvirwere
Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvefungal zveganda zvinopfurikidzwa nekubatana zvakananga uye kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakasvibiswa uye zvipfeko. Kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinokonzera fungal zvine zviratidzo zvakafanana, naizvozvo kuongororwa kwechivara cheganda kunoda kujekesa kuongororwa. Zvirwere zvinowanzoitwa fungal dzinosanganisira:
- Candidiasis;
- keratomycosis: lichen uye trichosporia;
- dermatomycosis: mycosis, favus;
- pyoderma : furunculosis, ulcers;
- exanthema: papilloma uye herpes.
Zvirwere zveprotozoal
Zvirwere zveprotozoal zvirwere zvinokonzerwa neprotozoa parasitic. Pakati pezvirwere zveprotozoal zvinowanzozivikanwa: amoebiasis, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis uye malaria. Vatakuri vehutachiona mhuka dzomukati, mombe, marariya manyowa, nzizi dzeTzece. Zviratidzo zvezvirwere izvi zvakafanana nemukati uye zvirwere zvehutachiona zvakanyanya, asi mune dzimwe nguva chirwere chinogona kuenda pasina zviratidzo. Kujekesa kuongororwa, bhroatori kuongororwa kwemasese, ropa smear kana urini inokosha.
Zvirwere zvePoon
Pakati pezvirwere zvepecon, zvimwe zvezvirwere zvinotapukira. Zvipfeko, mapuroteni ane shanduko yakashanduka, anopinda mumuviri pamwe chete nezvokudya zvakasvibiswa, kuburikidza nemaoko asina tsvina, zvipembenene zvisingashandisi zvokurapa, mvura yakasvibiswa mumabhazi. Prion zvirwere zvinotapukira zvevanhu zvirwere zvakakomba izvo zvinenge zvisingaiti chikwereti kumishonga. Izvi zvinosanganisira: Creutzfeldt-Jakob chirwere, kuru, kuparara kwemhuri kunetseka, Gerstman-Straussler-Sheinker syndrome. Zvirwere zvePeon zvinokanganisa hurongwa hwehutano uye uropi, zvichiita kuti uwedzere kuora mwoyo.
Zvirwere zvinotyisa zvikuru
Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinotyisa zvikuru zvirwere umo mukana wokuwana zvakare chikamu chezana. Zvirwere zvishanu zvinotyisa zvinosanganisira:
- Kreutzfeldt-Jakob chirwere, kana spongiform encephalopathy. Ichi chisinganzwisisiki chirwere chinotapurirwa kubva kuchipfuwo kusvika kune munhu, chinotungamirira kukuvadza kwehupi nekufa.
- HIV. Utachiona hwehutachiona hunofadza hahuna kuuraya kusvikira hwapfuura kune imwe nzvimbo inotevera - AIDS .
- Rabies. Kuporesa kwechirwere kunogona kuburikidza nehutachiona, kusvikira zviratidzo zvechirwere chikaonekwa. Kuonekwa kwezviratidzo kunoratidza kufa kwepedyo.
- Hemorrhagic fever. Izvi zvinosanganisira boka rehutachiona hwehutachiona, pakati pahwo hunozivikanwa zvikuru uye husingarapiki.
- Denda. Chirwere ichi, chakambove chichivhura nyika dzose, chakanga chisingabviri uye chinogona kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Mamwe maitiro ehutachiona anouraya.
Kudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira
Kudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvakadai:
- Kuvandudza kudzivirira kwemuviri. Izvo zvakasimba kusachengetedzwa kwemunhu, kazhinji kacho acharwara uye apore nokukurumidza. Kuti uite izvi, zvakakosha kutungamirira mararamiro akanaka, kudya zvakanaka, kutamba mitambo, kuzorora zvakakwana, edza kuva netariro. Nzira yakanaka yekuvandudza masimba ekuchengetedza mishonga inogomera.
- Vaccination. Mune nguva yezvirwere, chiitiko chakanaka chinopa chinangwa chinopikisa kurwisa fivhiri. Zvirwere zvichirwisa dzimwe zvirwere (masero, mawere, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus) zvinosanganiswa mune chirongwa chekudzivirira chirongwa chinotarisirwa.
- Kubata nekubatana. Zvakakosha kuchengetedza vanhu vane utachiona, shandisa kudzivirira zvinoreva panguva dzezvirwere, kazhinji kushambidza maoko avo.