Makore makumi emakore ekupedzisira makombiyuta akakurumidza kukurumidza. Chaizvoizvo, payeuchidzo rwechizvarwa chimwe chete, vakabva kubhubhu yakawanda, vachigara mumakamuri makuru kusvika mahwendefa maduku. Kuyeuka nekukurumidza kwakawedzera nokukurumidza. Asi nguva yakasvika apo basa rakaonekwa risina simba risina simba remakombiyuta emazuva ano.
Ndeipi kombiyuta yakawanda?
Kubudirira kwemabasa matsva ayo asingakwanisi kutarisira makombiyuta anowanzo, akamanikidza kutsvaga mikana mitsva. Uye, seimwe nzira yekombiyuta yakawanda, yakawanda yakaonekwa. Kombiyuta yakawanda inyanzvi yemakombiyuta, hwaro hwechiito, icho chinobva pazvinhu zve quantum mechanics. Zvinyorwa zvakanyanya zve quantum mechanics zvakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura. Kuonekwa kwaro kwaibvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji efizikiki iyo isina kuwana mhinduro mu classical physics.
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso ye quanta inowanzoverenga yechipiri yezana remakore rechipiri, inoramba iri kunzwisisika chete kune rumwe rutivi rwevanyanzvi. Asi kune zviitiko chaiyo zve quantum mechanics, kwatakanga tatojaira - laser teknolojia, tomography. Uye pamagumo ezana remakore apfuura nheyo yekuwanda kwekuwanda yakavakwa neSoviet physicist Yu Manin. Makore mashanu gare gare, David Deutsch akafumura pfungwa ye quantum machine.
Pane pakombiyuta yakawanda here?
Asi kuenzanisa kwepfungwa kwakanga kusiri nyore. Nguva nenguva, kune mitsara yokuti imwe kombiyuta yemakombiyuta yakasikwa. Kubudirira kwekombiyuta yakadaro yepakombiyuta inoshandiswa nehofora mumunda wekombiyuta yemashoko:
- D-Wave ikambani inobva kuCanada, iyo ndiyo yaiva yekutanga kutanga shanduro yekushanda yakawanda yemakombiyuta. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyanzvi dziri kukwikwidza kana aya makombiyuta ari chaizvoizvo emakombiyuta uye zvipi zvavanopa.
- IBM - yakasika kombiyuta yakawanda, uye yakaizarurira kuvashandisi veIndaneti kuongororwa ne quantum algorithms. Pakazosvika 2025 kambani inoronga kugadzira muenzaniso unogona kugadzirisa matambudziko anoshanda.
- Google - inozivisa kusunungurwa kwegore rino komakombiyuta inokwanisa kuratidza hukuru hwemakombiyuta emakombiyuta akakomba.
- MunaMay 2017, masayendisiti eChina muShanghai akati iyo kombiyuta yakawanda kwazvo yepasi rose yakasikwa, inopfuura inofananidzwa mumutambo wekutarisa kushandiswa ka24.
- Muna July 2017, paMoscow Conference pamusoro peVumum Technologies, yakashamiswa kuti kombiyuta 51-qubit yakawanda yakasikwa.
Ndechipi musiyano pakati pekombiyuta yakawanda uye kombiyuta inowanzoitika?
Kusiyana kwakakosha kwekombiyuta yakawanda mukutarisana nehuwandu hwekuverenga.
- Munharaunda inowanzogadzirwa, zviyero zvose zvakavakirwa pazvibhakera zvinowanikwa mumatunhu maviri 1 kana 0. Izvozvo, basa rose rakaderedzwa kuti riongorore huwandu hwemashoko ekuteverana nemamiriro akataurwa. Nhamba yekombiyuta yakawanda inowanikwa pane zvibits (quantum bits). Izvo zvavanogona kukwanisa kuva muhurumende 1, 0, uyewo pamwe chete 1 ne0.
- Izvo zvinokwanisa zvekombiyuta yakawanda zvakanyanya kuwedzerwa, sezvo pasina chikonzero chekutsvaga mhinduro yakarurama pakati pegadziriro. Mune mhaka iyi, mhinduro yacho yakasarudzwa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo kune imwe nguva mikana yekunyora.
Chii chinonzi kombiyuta yakawanda?
Pfungwa yekombiyuta yakawanda, yakagadzirirwa pane sarudzo yekugadzirisa nemikana yakakwana uye kukwanisa kuwana mhinduro yakadaro kakawanda kukurumidza kupfuura makombiyuta emazuva ano, inogadzira chinangwa chekushandisa kwayo. Chokutanga pane zvose, kubuda kwemhando yekombiyuta yekombiyuta kunetseka kupfurikidza mavara. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekwaniso yemakombiyuta yakawanda kuti nyore nyore kuverenga mapepa. Saka, kombiyuta yakawanda kwazvo yevashandi, yakasikwa neRussian-American scientists, inokwanisa kuwana makii emamwe maitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro.
Kunewo mamwe mabasa anobatsira anoshandiswa pakuwanda kwemakombiyuta, anowirirana nehutano hwepakutanga hutachiona, genetics, utano hwehutano, marongerwo emari, kuchengetedzwa kwemasvositi kubva kumavirusi, njere dzekunzwisisa uye dzimwe dzakawanda dzomakombiyuta asingakwanisi kugadzirisa.
Ko kombiyuta yakawanda yakarongwa sei?
Kuvakwa kwekombiyuta yakawanda kunobva pakushandiswa kwekbits. Sekuita kwekuita kwepbits ikozvino yakashandiswa:
- zvindori zve superconductors ne jumpers, ine mamiriyoni akawanda ezvino;
- maatomu ega, pasi pesimba remaseri;
- ions;
- photons;
- zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandiswa kwe nanocrystals ye semiconductors zvirikudziridzwa.
Quantum kombiyuta - mutemo wekushanda
Kana pane chokwadi nekombiyuta yekare mumabasa, saka mubvunzo wekuti kombiyuta yakawanda inoshanda sei zvakaoma kupindura. Tsanangudzo yekushanda kwekombiyuta yakawanda inobva pamashoko maviri asinganzwisisiki:
- Icho chirevo chekufungidzira ndeye mubvunzo wemakiti anokwanisa kuva panguva imwechete muzvikamu 1 uye 0. Izvi zvinobvumira kuverengeka kwakasiyana-siyana kuitwe panguva imwe chete, pane kugadzirisa zvingasarudzwa, izvo zvinopa pfuma huru munguva;
- quantum entanglement chinhu chinonzi A. Einstein, iyo inopindirana yezvikamu zviviri. Mumashoko akajeka, kana imwe yezvikamu zviine hutano hwakanaka, ipapo yechipiri inotora hutano hwakanaka pakarepo. Ukama uhwu hunoita pasinei nemhara.
Ndiani akasika purogiramu yakawanda?
Nheyo ye quantum mechanics yakatsanangurwa pakutanga kwekutanga kwezana remakore rakapera, semafungiro. Kubudirira kwaro kwakabatana nevanyanzvi vefizikiki vakanaka saMaxim Planck, A. Einstein, Paul Dirac. Muna 1980, Antonov akarayira pfungwa yehutano hwekuwanda kwekuverenga. Uye gore rakazotevera Richard Feyneman munyanzvi yakaronga kombiyuta yekutanga yakawanda.
Iye zvino kusikwa kweyomumakombiyuta mumutambo wekuvandudza uye kunyange zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti kombiyuta yakawanda inogona kuita sei. Asi zvakanyatsojeka kuti kunyatsoziva izvi zvichange zvichiunza vanhu vazhinji zviwanikwa zvitsva mumativi ose enesayenzi, zvichatibvumidza kutarisa mu micro and macro world, kuti tidzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro emafungiro, genetics.