Hedonism ndiyo dzidziso yokuti munhu anoita zvose zvaanoita nokuda kwomufaro wake, saka, zvinongogona kuonekwa sechinangwa chehupenyu. Nzira yakadaro inoratidzika seyounzenza kune vamwe, asi hapana chokwadi chakakwana, saka kugadzirisa kunofanirwa kuitwa zvakasununguka.
Hedonism - chii ichocho?
Mukushandura kubva kuGreek Greek hedonism inofadza kana kufara. Dzidziso ine zita iri, inotaura nezvekuzvarwa kwekutsvaga manzwiro anofadza, saka munhu anoziva kana kuti haasi kufamba nenzira iyi. Uye sezvo izvi zvakasikwa muhupenyu hwevanhu, zvinonzwisisika kunyatsocherechedza zviito zvako kuti uwane mufaro. Dzidziso yose inoguma pane chirevo ichi, nokuti hakuna munhu apedza iyi system, saka maitiro evatevedzeri varo anogona kunge akasiyana zvakasiyana.
Hedonism mu Psychology
Dzidziso iyi yakaberekerwa kunyange nguva isati yamboitika, asi kufungidzira mune zvehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu kwakatanga kutaridzirwa muzana remakore rechi20. Pane maitiro maviri ekutevedzera:
- ramangwana - zviito zvinosanganiswa nekutarisira kufara;
- izvi - zviito zvinotarisirwa kukurumidza kuwana kuwana mufaro.
Kushayikwa kwepfungwa yehupenzi kunowanikwa mukutsvaga kwebato guru pakati pemanzwiro, zvichisiya chikamu chekufunga kumashure. Ichokwadi, manzwiro chete anoshanda semashoni apo pawakagadzira iwe pachako purogiramu yako. Asi hedonism inokubvumira kuti uongorore kushingaira kweumwe munhu pakutsvaga kwekunakidzwa kwepanyama uye zvinhu zvinokudzwa, kazhinji zvisingabatsiri zvinoreva. Dzidzo dzakadaro dzakakosha nekuda kwenhamba inowedzera yevanhu vanotsvaka kufara kwakanyanya.
Hedonism muzivi
Aristippus (435-355 BC) akava muvambi wekudzidzisa, achitenda kuti mweya wemunhu unosangana nemaviri unoti - kufara uye kurwadziwa. Nzira yekufara ndeyekudzivisa manzwiro asina kufadza nekuedza zvinhu zvinofadza. Kusimbiswa kwaiva panyaya yepanyama. Epicurus akataura kuti hedonism mufilosoti kugutsikana kwakakwana kwechido chako. Chinangwa ndechekuzvifadza, asi kusununguka kubva kusina mufaro. Mukufunga kwake, chiyero chepamusoro chekufara kwakadaro ndiataraxia, rugare rwepfungwa uye kuenzanisa mukushandiswa kwemhando ipi zvayo.
Kujekeswa kwehedonism kwakapararira muzana remakore rechi18. Vakuru vehurumende, kunyanya muFrance, kazhinji vainzwisisa sekuwana kwezvinhu zvinonakidza zviri nyore. Jeremiah Bentham, uyo akashandura hedonism kune imwe nhanho, akabatsira kudzorera pfungwa yefilosofi, kutora sechinhu chake chechikonzero pamusana pechirevo chake chekushanda kwehurumende. Inopa hutano hwemagariro umo nhengo dzayo dzose dzinogona kuita zvakanakisisa.
Mitemo yeupenyu nekuda kwehedonism
Dzidziso haina kunyatsoumbwa, naizvozvo hapana nzira yakachena yehutsika, uye hakuna munhu akaita chirevo chehedonism. Pane imwe chete inotevera: chinangwa chikuru chevanhu ndechekufara. Uye nokuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuderedza nhamba yemafungiro asina kunaka uye kuisa pfungwa pane zvinhu zvinounza mufaro. Izvi zvinoreva, kuti anzwisise kuti hedonism inorevei, zvakakosha pamusana pezvavanonzwa.
Hedonism - zvakanaka here kana zvakaipa?
Hapana mhinduro isina chokwadi, iyo yose inobva pane kududzirwa kwomunhu pachake. Kune mumwe munhu, hedonism ndeyekutsvaga zvitsva, zvinowedzera simba, uye vamwe vanozviona ivo vatevedzeri ve dzidziso nekuda kwekufuka kwekufuka kwakanaka nekugamuchirwa kwemabhati nemafuta anonhuwira. Zviri pachena kuti chido chekuita kuti tsika yako yezuva nezuva iwedzere kunakidza, haingatyisidzi chinhu. Kana iwe ukaita kuti kuwana kwemufaro uve mugumo uri pachako, unogona kuguma nematambudziko chete. Funga kuti kunamata kwakaipa kwakadini.
- Futility . Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinonakidza zvinowanzova zvisingabvumi, matanho matsva anodiwa, asi kana apfuura, hapana chakasara chinogona kuunza mufaro.
- Inotora nguva . Nekutsvaga kufara, zviri nyore kupotsa nguva yekutora matanho anosarudza upenyu hwemangwana.
- Zvinetso zveutano . Zvizhinji zvezvinounza mufaro kune ndege yemuviri inobata mararamiro ehutano.
Hedonism uye udyire
Icho ruzivo rwemapfungwa ye dzidziso iyi inowanzoenzaniswa nekudyire, asi izvi hazvisi chokwadi zvachose. Nheyo dze hedonism hazvirevi kuisa pfungwa pane iwe pachako, hazvibvumirwi kutarisira uye kufara kwevamwe. Kune miviri miviri: udyire uye pasi rose. Yokutanga inoratidzirwa nekufungisisa pane manzwiro ako, kunyange kana asina kugoverwa nevamwe. Kune vanyori vomufomu wechipiri zvakakosha kuti rufaro rwakatambanudzirwa kune avo vari pedo navo.
Hedonism uye chiKristu
Kubva pakuona kwechitendero, zvinhu zvose zvisingadi kushumira Mwari ndezvisina maturo izvo zvisina kufanira kutarisirwa. Nokudaro, hudonism ndiyo chitadzo kuvaKristu. Haasi kungoparadzanisa kubva pane chinangwa chakakwirira, asiwo anotsiva nechido chekuwana zvinhu zvepasi. Kana tichitaura pamusoro pechiratidzo zvachose, pasina kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, chido chenguva dzose chekunyaradza hachikwanisi kunzi mhosva. Nzira yepasi rose ye hedonism, zvakare, haisi nguva dzose inotungamirira pakuva mutadzi, rubatsiro rwevamwe vanhu kuchiKristu runogamuchirwa.
Iwe haugone kutaura kuti chero hedonist mutadzi. Nyaya imwe neimwe inofanira kuonekwa sega. Kana iwe usingakwanisi kuongorora mamiriro ako iwe pachako, haudi kuputsa zvaunotenda zvechitendero chako, uye mukunyaradza iwe haugone kuramba, saka iwe unogona kutaurirana nemupristi. Anoziva magwaro matsvene ari nani, uye ane ruzivo mukugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwakadaro. Ichokwadi, iye, zvakare, angave asina kukanganisa, saka chigumo chokupedzisira chinoramba chiri kumunhu iye pachake.
Famous hedonists
Munharaunda yemazuva ano, inenge mhuka ipi zvayo inogona kuisa "hedonist" test. Kunyangwe kana vamwe vavo vakazvipira mukuratidza, zvakangoitika mushure mokunge vagutsikana nyota yavo yezvinofadza. Izvi zvinoshanda kwete kunguva yedu chete, connoisseurs yehupenyu hwakanaka hwakagara huripo. Mushure meEpicurus, uyo akawana maitiro ake ehedonism, dzidziso iyi yakagamuchira hupenyu hutsva muRenaissance. Zvino vateveri vake vaiva Petrarch, Boccaccio naRaimondi.
Ipapo Adrian Helvetius naSpinoza vakabatana nekudzidzisa, vachibatanidza kufadza kwevanhu pamwe nekufarira. Thomas Hobbes aitaurawo nezvekukanganisa, kuratidza pfungwa yekuti "usaitira vamwe sezvausingadi kuita kwauri." Iyi nheyo haina kuteverwa nemunhu wose, muenzaniso wakajeka wekurambwa kwechitendero, tsika uye zvepamutemo zvaive mabasa eMarquis de Sade.
Mabhuku pamusoro pehedonism
Chiitiko chacho chaifadza kune vazhinji, chakanyatsodzidza nevefilosofi uye vezvepfungwa, zvitsanangudzo zvinogona kuwanikawo mune zvenhema. Heano mamwe mabhuku pamusoro pehedonism.
- "Mazano Etsika" George Moore . Muzivi wechiChirungu anoratidzira nezvechimiro chechiitiko ichi uye anongedzera kukanganisa - mubatanidzwa wepfungwa yezvakanaka uye nzira yekuita nayo.
- "Ubongo uye Mufaro" naDavid Linden . Bhuku rinotaurira nezvezvinobudirira zvakaitika mumunda weeuroscience, izvo zvakabvumira kutarisa kutsva kwekuwana mafaro nekuumbwa kwekuvimba pairi.
- "Mufananidzo weDorian Grey" Oscar Wilde . Rimwe basa rinozivikanwa, iro rave rakasvikirwa neyonguva imwe yekrini, rinoratidza maitiro akaipa zvikuru nemigumisiro yehedonism.
- "Nyika Itsva Inoshingaira" neAldous Huxley . Upenyu hwose hwemagariro hunovakirwa pamitemo yekufadza. Migumisiro yekuedza kwakadaro inotsanangurwa mubasa.
- "Chakavanzika Chekupedzisira" Bernard Verber . Vane ma heroes emitambo iyi yekufungidzira vanoedza kutarisa mupfungwa dzevanhu uye kuwana chikonzero chekuita chero zviito.