Vazhinji vedu tinobatanidza izwi rokuti "absolutism yakajekeswa" chete nezita raVottaire uye tsamba dzake kuna Catherine II, uye izvi hazvina kugadzirisa hupenyu hwehupenyu hweRussia uye pfungwa yefirosofi yeFrance. Pfungwa dzekujekeswa kwemhedziso dzakapararira muEurope yose. Saka madzimambo akaonei mutemo uyu seyakanaka?
Icho chinonyanya kukosha chetendism chiri chiedza
Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore gumi nemasere, mamiriro ezvinhu muEurope ainyanya kutyisa, sezvo urongwa hwekare hwakanga hwapera, hwakagadziriswa hunodiwa. Izvi zvakakonzera kukurumidza kuumbwa kwekujekeswa kwemhedziso.
Asi pfungwa idzi dzakabva kupi uye chii chinoreva chiedza chakadaro? Tateguru ndiye Thomas Hobbes, uyewo simba guru pakuumbwa kwekwaniso rechihedheni kwakapiwa nemaonero aJean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire naMontesquieu. Vakatsanangura kuchinja kwemasangano ehurumende, akachinja mararamiro, nyaya dzezvemitemo, nezvimwewo. Nenguva pfupi pfungwa huru yekujekeswa kwemhedziso inogona kutaurwa nenzira inotevera: mutongi, mutongi anofanira kuwanikwa pamwe chete nekodzero dzinoshandawo kuvanhu vake.
Muchidimbu, kujekeswa kwemhedziso kunofanira kuparadza zvakasara zvehutongi, izvi zvaisanganisira kuchinja kunatsiridza hupenyu hwevagari vemunyika uye kubviswa kwejeri. Uyezve, kuchinja kwacho kwaifanira kusimbiswa simba rekutanga uye kuumba nyika yose, kwete pasi pezwi revatungamiriri vezvitendero.
Kubatanidzwa kwemaonero eEstutusism yakajekeswa kwaiva maitiro evanamato nechinangwa chisina kusimbiswa kwehukama hwehukuru. Nyika dzakadaro dzaisanganisira nyika dzeEurope, kunze kweFrance, England, nePoland. MuPoland, kwakanga kusina absolutism yeumambo, iyo yaizofanira kuchinjwa, ipapo mumwe nomumwe aitongwa nevakuru. IEngland yakange iine zvinhu zvose zvakajekesa absolutism zvakatsvaga, neFrance zvakangoti hadzina vatungamiriri vanogona kuva vatangi vekuvandudzwa. Louis XV nemuteveri wake vakanga vasingakwanisi kuita izvi, uye somugumisiro, hurongwa hwacho hwakaparadzwa nekuvandudzwa.
Zvichemo uye zvikamu zve absolutism yakajekeswa
Zvinyorwa zvezana remakore rechigumi nemana, kuparidzira pfungwa dzekujekesera, kwete kungopesana nehurongwa hwekare, zvakare yakataura nezvekudiwa kwekuchinja. Uyezve, kuchinja uku kwaifanira kuitwa nehurumende uye mune zvenyika. Nokudaro, chimwe chezvikamu zvikuru zvemurairo wekujekeswa kwemhedziso kunogona kunzi kushamwaridzana kwemadzimambo uye mafilosofi avo vaida kuisa pasi pasi hurongwa hwehurumende kune chikonzero chakanaka.
Zvechokwadi, hazvisi zvose zvakashanda semasayendisiti akakwevera muhope dzouroori. Semuenzaniso, kujekeswa kwemhedziso kwakataura nezvekudiwa kwekuvandudza hupenyu hwevarimi. Zvimwe zvekushandura mune izvi zvakarongeka zvakaitwa, asi panguva imwechete simba revakuru rakasimbiswa, nokuti ndizvo chaizvoizvo izvo zvaizova rubatsiro rukuru rwehurumende. Nokudaro yechipiri
Akajekesa absolutism muRussia Empire
Sezvatinoziva, Russia ine nzira yayo pachayo. Pano neapo aive akakosha zvikuru. MuRussia, kusiyana nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, akajekesa absolutism yaiva panzvimbo yemafashoni panzvimbo pane chinhu chaicho chaikosha. Nokudaro, kuchinja kwose kwakagadzirirwa chete kubatsiri vekudzwa, kwete kutarisira zvinodiwa nevanhuwo zvavo. Nevane masimba echechi, zvakare, pakanga pane kuora mwoyo - muRussia kwakanga kusina shoko rakaoma kubvira kare, sezvaive muKaturike yeEurope, nokuti kuchinja kwechechi kwakaunza kuparadzaniswa uye kupesana, kuparadza zvinhu zvemweya, zvinoremekedzwa nemadzitateguru. Kubva panguva iyo, munhu anogona kuona kuyerwa kwehupenyu hwemweya, zvakare, kubva panguva iyoyo kunyange vatungamiri vezvemweya vanowanzofarira zvinhu zvenyama. Kune zvose zvedzidzo, Catherine II akange asingakwanisi kunzwisisa "chishamiso chemweya weRussia" uye kuwana nzira yakarurama yokusimbisa nyika.