Kutungamirira mabhuku, akawanikwa muJorodhani, achazarura zvakavanzika zvechiKristu.
Yakagara ichizivikanwa kuvanhu kuti munguva yekare mabhuku akanyorwa pamahwendefa evhu akafukidzwa nemakisi, mapyrusi nemapango akavharwa nemhangura. Asi muna 2007 nyika yakashamisika nekuwanikwa kutsva: zvinoreva kuti zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakatora mabhuku ekutakura uye zvakange zvakavanzika kubva pakuona maziso! Ndiani uye nei akavanza kubva kune vanhuwo zvavo?
Wakawana sei mabhuku anotungamirira?
Hapana munhu aigona kuzarura chifukidziro chekuvanda achivanza munyori kana kuti wekutanga wezvinyorwa zvisingazivikanwi zvisingambofananidzi munyika. Nhoroondo yekuedza kwakawanda kwekusunungura chinangwa chayo inotanga muna 2005. Zvino kumucheto kweJorodhani pakanga pane mafashamo ane simba, mushure mezvo pakanga pane bhu.
Makore maviri gare gare, mufudzi wemunharaunda akaongorora bako rakange rakasunungurwa kubva mumvura, rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri. Mumwe wavo akashanda semhando yekupinda kune yechipiri. Iko kwakakwezva kutarira kwevarimi, nokuti pane ibwe rakafukidzwa naro, chiratidzo chekare chechitendero chechiJudha chakanga chakavezwa. Mufudzi weBedouin akauya nechirongwa chekusimudzira suwo rebwe-uye akadzidzirwa paakazviita!
Ari murima rakadzika, haaigona kuona chinhu kunze kwezvidimbu zvinopenya zvesimbi. Pachinyatsotarisa zvakaratidza kuti aya mabhuku ekutungamirira - anenge makumi matanhatu chete. Ukuru hwemavara eumwe neumwe wavo akaenzana nekuvhara kwemazuva ano kwepasipoti kana kadhi rechikwereti. Izvo zvakabatana nesimbi dzesimbi kusvika ku 5-15 zvidimbu. Kushamisika hakusi kuonekwa kwakanyanya, sezviri mukati memabhuku. Tsamba dziri pamapeji haana kunyorwa, sezvakanga zvamboitika munguva yekare, asi dzakasungirirwa. Vakuru vekare vakasvika sei mupfungwa? Ndiani akavadzidzisa nzira iyi?
Bhedouin akaziva kuti iwe unogona kuwana mari yakanaka pane zvaunowana. Akakumbira mari yakawanda kwavari, iyo yaibvumiranwa nyore nyore nemudiwa wekare weIsrael, Hasan Sayda. Mutengesi uye mutengi akabatwa nemaoko, mushure mekunge Israeri inotumira zvisiri pamutemo zvigadzirwa zveJorodhani. Pasinei nokuti varimi, kana mupfumi aisagona kuchengetedza muromo wake kupfigirwa: shamwari dzomubatanidzwa mune mutengesi dzakaudza zvose zvinyorwa uye masayendisiti. Chiitiko chikuru chezvematongerwe enyika chakatanga: VaIsrayeri vakanga vasingadi kupa mipumburu inotungamirira, uye Jorodhani yakasimudzira kuita mhosva - kubiridzira.
Masayendisiti akawana mabhuku makumi manomwe here?
Sezviri pachena, hurumende yeIsrael yakamanikidza Hassan, uye pasina chiitiko akabvumirana kugovera mamwe mabhuku anotungamirira nevashandi veOxford neZurich universities. Kwemakore mashanu vakadzidza mahwendefa akadaro vasati vatanga kuita chero zvirevo zvepamutemo. Chii chavakadzidza pamusoro pechiratidzo chisingazivikanwi?
Pamatare emashiripiti zviratidzo uye zvinyorwa kusvika kumifananidzo muAramaic, Mamwe maGiriki echiGiriki nemutauro wechiHebheru anonhuwa. Kuora kwesimbi kunoregererwa zvokuti kunopa chikonzero chekufunga kuti mabhuku acho akanyorwa kunyangwe muzana remakore rekutanga AD. Kwete kure neguta iri reJorodhani, zvimwe zvinhu kubva panguva imwechete zvakawanikwa kare. Vamwe vevasayendisiti vaitenda muna Mwari vakatya nenyaya yokuti dzakawanda dzemipumburu dzakanga dzakaiswa chisimbiso nechisimbi chesimbi. Vanogona kunzwisiswa: Bhuku reZviratidzo muBhaibheri rinotitaurira nezvemamwe mapurogiramu akarasika anongova Mesiya chete achazarura paanouya pasi pano.
Mhedziso pamusoro pekuwana ichi yakaratidzwa naDr. Margaret Barker, uyo akashanda semutungamiri weSosaiti yeChidzidzo cheTestamende Yekare:
"Bhuku raZvakazarurwa rinotaura nezvemabhuku akavharwa achazarurirwa chete naMesiya. Panewo mamwe magwaro ane chokuita nenguva imwechete yezvakaitika iyo inotaura nezvehuchenjeri hwakavharwa mumabhuku akaiswa chisimbiso. Zvisingatauri mabhuku aya ane miitiro yakavanzika, iyo yakaendeswa naJesu kune vadzidzi vavo va pedo "
Kutsvaga kuwanikwa kwemabhuku anotungamirira
Pfungwa yakajeka ndeyekuti zvivako zvitsvene zvakange zvakavanzwa nevaKristu vakapukunyuka vakatizira kumapako aya mushure mokunge Jerusarema rawa. Kana pakutanga masayendisiti akafunga kuti pamberi pavo - mabhuku echiJudha, iye zvino nyika yose yesayenzi inowanikwa mukunyora kwevaKristu vepakutanga.
Margaret Barker anotenda:
"Tinoziva kuti mapoka maviri evaKristu akatiza kubva pakutambudzwa muJerusarema, uye vakayambuka Rwizi rwaJoridhani pedyo neJeriko, ndokubva vaenderera kumabvazuva zvikuru pedyo nenzvimbo iyo mabhuku anonzi akawanikwa. Imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, ayo anonyanya kuonekwa anoratidza pakutanga kwechiKristu kubva, ndeyekuti izvi hazvisi mipumburu, asi nheyo (dzinenge dzichiziva mabhuku nemapeji). Kunyora magwaro nenzira yekodhi chinhu chakasiyana chekutanga kwechiKristu. "
Pamapeji mashoma aive nenzvimbo kwete yezvinyorwa chete, asi yemifananidzo. Mifananidzo yemuchinjikwa, mifananidzo, zviratidzo - izvi zvose zvinowanika pane dzakawanda zveplate dzakadzidzwa. Imwe yemifananidzo inoratidzira urongwa chaihwo hweJerusarema rekare, imwe inoratidzira kuurawa kwaKristu nemakororo. Mamwe mifananidzo yose inopera pamberi peimwe, kuchengetedza chiso chemunhu asingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, zvose zvinotaura kuti uyu ndiwo mufananidzo waKristu.
Chokutanga, mubhuku rimwechete, unogona kuwana chiduku kubva pamifananidzo yeguva rine musara shure kwemasvingo kumashure eJerusarema. Chechipiri, chiso chinowanikwa mukuenzanisa kwakanyatsoenderana nemifananidzo yekutanga yaKristu pamifananidzo uye tsanangudzo yekuonekwa kwake muhupenyu hwevatsvene.
"Pandakaona mahwendefa, ndakanga ndisingazivi. Ndakakundwa nemufananidzo uyu, saka zvakajeka zvechiKristu. Pamberi pekutanga tinoona muchinjikwa, uye shure kwacho kunoonekwa sezvinoratidza nzvimbo yekuviga yaJesu. Ichi chivako chiduku chine gomba munzvimbo yakazaruka, mushure mekunge masvingo eguta anoonekwa. Ivo varipo kune mamwe mifananidzo, uye pasina mubvunzo, awa ndiwo masvingo eJerusarema. "
Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa naProfesa Philip Davis weSheffield University.
Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete vose masayendisiti vanoziva kuti mabhuku anotungamirira ichinyorwa chinokosha chekare. Tsamba tsamba mukati mavo haigoni kuongororwa, uye hakuna munhu anogona kugadzira pfungwa yehupenyu hwavo maererano nemifananidzo. Maonero evasayendisiti ari kuchinja nguva dzose, uye kuti kunyange zvakadaro hapana museumusi yakasarudza kutora mvumo yehutano, inoita kuti iwe ufunge. Kuongorora kwekupedzisira kunogona kungosimbisa kuti mabhuku acho anenge anenge makore makumi maviri. Asi pane mumwe munhu anokwanisa kunzwisisa zvavanoda kutitaurira here?