Unhu, hunofanirwa nehumwe unhu huripo, hwakanga huripo nguva dzose. Munguva dzekare, vanhu vainamata vanamwari, uye gare gare pane basa iri vanhu vakasarudzwa-apo nekuzvarwa kwekodzero, uye apo nekutongwa kwakakodzera. Chii chiri chitendero cheunhu - tichanzwisisa munyaya ino.
Chii chiri chitendero cheunhu?
Icho chiri kukwidziridzwa kwemunhu mumwe munhu, uyo ari hurumende inoremekedzwa. Vaya vanofarira izvo zvinamato zvehupenyu zvinoreva, zvakakosha kupa mienzaniso yezita rakadai seStalin, Hitler, Mao Zedong, nezvimwe. Mhedziso dzose dzemadzimambo, madzimambo uye madzimambo vakaita basa reMwari. Vairemekedzwa, vakanamata uye havana kurumbidza pamusoro pehumwe hunhu, asi nokuda kwechokwadi chaivo chekuva pachigaro cheushe.
Pasi pemidzvinyiriri nehurumende dzehurumende, zvakanga zvisingakwanikwi kumira pachigaro chemasimba. Zvaive zvakakosha kuva neunhu hwakanaka hunoita kuti mutongi akakodzerwa nehofisi. Kuva nemashonga ane simba eparapaganda, zviri nyore kupfuurira iwe somumwe munhu wavanoda kuona semutungamiriri wavo uye mutongi. Nevanhu vakadaro vakanyora nhetembo uye vakaita mapoka, upenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Basa ravo rakadzidziswa mumasangano ezvidzidzo uye kwose kwose kwavakaiswa zvivako.
Zvikonzero zvekuumbwa kweunhu hunhu
Chinhu chakadaro chakaumbwa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai:
- Kuwana kuti ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekusimbisa hutsika hwemhando, zvakakosha kupindura kuti izvi zvinogona kuitika munzanga ine nhengo dzisingasviki nhengo dzisingada kutora mhosva yezviito zvavo.
- Nehutsika hwakadzika hwezvedzidzo, imwe nzira yakagadziriswa-ritualized yehutano inoumbwa.
- Kukundikana kwekufunga zvakadzama kunozarura mikana yakawanda yemudzvinyiriri kuti ashandise uye kudzora ruzivo rwevanhu.
Vanhu vanomupa vane hutano hwakanakisisa - huchenjeri, kutsunga, kusimba, mutsa nevamwe, vasina kunyange kuzvibvumira kusahadzika kukodzera kwezviito zvake. Zvikonzero zvekusimbisa hutsika hwemhando dzakabatana nedambudziko iri munyika:
- hondo kana mhirizhonga;
- kuparwa kwemhosva;
- kukwira mitengo;
- kushayikwa kwezvigadzirwa pamashefu ezvitoro. Mhirizhonga yemisa inoda mutongi akasimba, uye yakadaro nguva dzose ikoko.
Sei chiito chemhirizhonga chinowanzowedzera unhu hwekunamata?
Nechimiro chehurumende, simba rose rinowanikwa mumaoko emutungamiri. Anoita sangano guru rezvematongerwo enyika, kupedza kupesana munzira dzose. Zvose zvehupenyu hwevanhu zvinodzorwa nehurumende. Vanhu vanovhundutswa uye vanomanikidzwa kuteerera hurumende, kuiremekedza iyo, kunyange zvazvo isina ruzivo kuti simba rakadaro rezvematongerwo enyika rinobudirira sei. Panyika yakadaro, unhu hwehuhu hunoumbwa, hunoita basa rekudzivirira, uye nhengo dzevanhu - zvinowanikwa mumashini makuru.
Ndeipi migumisiro yeunhu hunhu?
Vanogona kutariswa pamuenzaniso wekutsoropodza unhu hwekunamata Stalin. Pashure pemushumo waKhrushchev musi waFebruary 25, 1956, paakagadzirisa nhema yezvinodiwa nemutungamiri, mhirizhonga yakapararira munyika, kutsamwa kwehasha dzevanhu kwakaputika pamusoro pake. Kupindura mubvunzo, chii chakashata nehuhu hunhu hwekunamata, zvakakosha kuti apindure kuti kazhinji avo vanodzoka kusimba vanoshandisa iyo kusimbisa nzvimbo dzavo. Saka zvakave kuna Nikita Sergeyevich.
Achinyorera zvikanganiso zvemakore akapfuura pamusoro pemutungamiri wemarudzi ose, akaramba akanyarara nezvebasa rake mune izvi. Sangano rakaratidzika risati rasvika uye rakanga risati riri kungomirira kuchinja, asi kuvamanikidza. Chimwe chimiro chepfungwa chinokonzera kusashivirira chakaumbwa, kuchikurudzira zviremera kutora matanho makuru uye kuwedzera dambudziko rekuenda kune propagandistic populism. Gare gare zvakaitika.
Kurwisana nechitendero cheunhu
Debunking nhema yekusakwanisa kwemutungamiri umwe, avo vakauya kune hutungamiri havakundi, asi vanorasikirwa. Chigumisiro chekupedzisira chemuitiro iwoyo ndechekuti:
- Kuderedza kutenda kwevanhu mune kukwana kwesimba guru.
- Kutsoropodza unhu hwechitendero muSoviet hunoita kuti kuparadzwa kwehurongwa hwekutya kwakakwana.
- Zvinoshungurudza uye zvinorwadza zvakare kufungisisa kwemaitiro emagariro evanhu munyika.
- Kuparadzaniswa kwehurumende yenyika yevaKomonisiti uye kupinda kwayo munguva yenyonganyonga, iyo yavasisiri kusarudzwa. Haisi mhosva dzakawanda zveStalin sezvenyika yose Soviet social system iyo iri kutongwa.
Iyo nzira yekukunda chitendero chemunhu
Soviet state-zvematongerwe enyika yakatanga kuchinjwa mushure mokunge Stalin afa muna 1953. Yakapinda zvakare:
- Kugadziriswa kwemigumisiro yekudzvinyirira kwaStalin, kwakasunungura vasungwa vazhinji vemakambani akazogara mumativi ose enyika.
- Kudzorerwa kwemutemo uye kurongeka.
- Kubva pamatare ehurumende, vakataura zvakawanda pamusoro pekukunda unhu hwechitendero nemigumisiro yaro, kushevedza mitemo yakarurama yeBolshevik, iyo inofanirwa uye inopindirana nemitemo yemagariro aLenin.
Iko kunamata kwehupenyu nemigumisiro yaro kwakapa Khrushchev "shanje", iyo yakave nezvikamu zvitatu zvekuvandudzwa kwayo. Uye mafungu e "de-Stalinization" anosanganisira kugadziriswa kwe Gorbachev, uyewo zviitiko zvakawanda zveRussia yemazuva ano. Rapid rates yehupfumi uye zvekurima zviri kuenderera mberi, masangano ekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi ari kusikwa, uye kufambira mberi kwekambanikiti kuri kupfuurira kusvika kune zvakakwirira.
Zvinetso zvemazuva ano zveunhu hunhu
Kusvika pari zvino, dambudziko rehuhu hutsananguro ndedzidziso inofanirwa yebasa reasayendisiti makuru. Vanodzidza nzira yekusimudzira tsika dzepamusoro sechinhu chinokosha chetsika. Nheyo yehutano hwemunhu mune dzidzo ndeye hutano hwehutano hwomumwe nomumwe - unhu hweunhu, unhu hwemitemo, manzwiro. Iyi ndiyo nzira inogadziriswa nemunhu kune dzidzo. Unhu hunyengeri nemigumisiro yaro hunotaurwa mumamiriro ekutenderera kwechinetso chetsika dzevanhu sechikamu chisingaverengeki chekugadzirisa tsika nemunhu.
Mabhuku pamusoro pechitendero cheunhu
Mamiriyoni evanhu akamanikidzwa, apfurwa ndokuiswa mutorongo mumisasa pavakanga vari mubasa rekutonga kwaStalin. Nyika yacho ichiri kuwanikwa nemigumisiro yezviitiko izvi. Vanyori vakawanda vakakurumbira panguva dzakasiyana-siyana vakasimudza chifukidziro chekuvanzika, vachitsanangura maitiro ehuunhu hwechitendero uye nemigumisiro iyo kukwidziridzwa kweumwe munhu kwakatungamirirwa. Mabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira:
- "Gulag Archipelago" naA . Solzhenitsyn . Iyi inoveli-kureurura kwakabatanidzwa mu "mabhuku zana emuzana remakore".
- Iyo "yakarambwa" Anchi Ming . Iyi nhoroondo yekare inosimbisa tsika yehupenyu hweMao Zedong nemigumisiro inorwadza yekutonga kwake.
- "Mupi wepachivande kumukuru" V. Uspensky . Mabhuku maviri anotsanangura mabasa aStalin panzvimbo yemumwe wake. Iyo nhoroondo haina kuvepa, asi haisvibisi mutungamiri wemarudzi ose, asi inotaura zvakatendeseka pamusoro pezviitiko zvemakore iwayo.